The rise and fall of rationality in language.

The surge of post-truth political argumentation suggests that we are living in a special historical period when it comes to the balance between emotion and reasoning. To explore if this is indeed the case, we analyze language in millions of books covering the period from 1850 to 2019 represented in Google nGram data. We show that the use of words associated with rationality, such as "determine" and "conclusion," rose systematically after 1850, while words related to human experience such as "feel" and "believe" declined. This pattern reversed over the past decades, paralleled by a shift from a collectivistic to an individualistic focus as reflected, among other things, by the ratio of singular to plural pronouns such as "I"/"we" and "he"/"they." Interpreting this synchronous sea change in book language remains challenging. However, as we show, the nature of this reversal occurs in fiction as well as nonfiction. Moreover, the pattern of change in the ratio between sentiment and rationality flag words since 1850 also occurs in New York Times articles, suggesting that it is not an artifact of the book corpora we analyzed. Finally, we show that word trends in books parallel trends in corresponding Google search terms, supporting the idea that changes in book language do in part reflect changes in interest. All in all, our results suggest that over the past decades, there has been a marked shift in public interest from the collective to the individual, and from rationality toward emotion.

Psychoanalysis and the transformations of childhood in the articles and columns written by Clarice Lispector, 1952-1973. / A psicanálise e as transformações na concepção da infância nas crônicas e colunas de Clarice Lispector, 1952-1973.

The article examines the role of psychology in how childhood was understood during the period spanning 1950 to 1970, focusing on articles and columns Clarice Lispector published in broadly circulating magazines and newspapers from 1952 to 1973. From these writings emerges a new paradigm considering children as psychological mysteries within the domestic sphere, in which childhood is understood as the core of the adult psyche, as well as object of maternal exploration and care. This biopsychological model combines hygienic concerns related to physical health with psychological attention to childhood subjectivity. This way, the middle-class child reveals a transformation of family models and the new centrality of the individual.

O artigo estuda o papel da psicologia na transformação dos modos de conceber a infância nas décadas de 1950 a 1970, tendo como foco as colunas e crônicas publicadas em revistas e jornais de ampla circulação por Clarice Lispector entre 1952 e 1973. Delas emerge um novo paradigma que considera os filhos mistérios psicológicos no interior do âmbito doméstico, objeto de investigação por parte da mãe, e que entende a infância como núcleo do psiquismo adulto. Trata-se de um modelo biopsicológico, que combina a preocupação higiênica pela saúde física com uma atenção psicológica à subjetividade infantil, no qual a criança das classes médias emerge como índice do questionamento dos papéis de autoridade familiar e da nova centralidade do indivíduo.

A psicanálise e as transformações na concepção da infância nas crônicas e colunas de Clarice Lispector, 1952-1973 / Psychoanalysis and the transformations of childhood in the articles and columns written by Clarice Lispector, 1952-1973

Resumo O artigo estuda o papel da psicologia na transformação dos modos de conceber a infância nas décadas de 1950 a 1970, tendo como foco as colunas e crônicas publicadas em revistas e jornais de ampla circulação por Clarice Lispector entre 1952 e 1973. Delas emerge um novo paradigma que considera os filhos mistérios psicológicos no interior do âmbito doméstico, objeto de investigação por parte da mãe, e que entende a infância como núcleo do psiquismo adulto. Trata-se de um modelo biopsicológico, que combina a preocupação higiênica pela saúde física com uma atenção psicológica à subjetividade infantil, no qual a criança das classes médias emerge como índice do questionamento dos papéis de autoridade familiar e da nova centralidade do indivíduo.

Abstract The article examines the role of psychology in how childhood was understood during the period spanning 1950 to 1970, focusing on articles and columns Clarice Lispector published in broadly circulating magazines and newspapers from 1952 to 1973. From these writings emerges a new paradigm considering children as psychological mysteries within the domestic sphere, in which childhood is understood as the core of the adult psyche, as well as object of maternal exploration and care. This biopsychological model combines hygienic concerns related to physical health with psychological attention to childhood subjectivity. This way, the middle-class child reveals a transformation of family models and the new centrality of the individual.

The Press and Suicides in the 19th Century: Investigating Possible Imitative Effects in Five Territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

During the 19th century, suicide rates increased in many countries. The press may have contributed to this increase, even though empirical evidence is lacking in this regard. We assessed suicide statistics within five territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire between 1871 and 1910 and combined these data with a content analysis of suicide reporting in five newspapers, each appearing in one of the five territories. The analysis revealed a covariation between the quantity of reporting and the number of suicides within all five regions. Furthermore, the quantity of reporting significantly predicted the following year's suicides. Although the causal order of suicides and the quantity of reporting should be assessed with caution, evidence is consistent with the idea that the press may have contributed to the establishment of suicide as a mass phenomenon. The findings also support contemporary guidelines for journalists, especially the notion of avoiding undue repetition of suicide stories.

The beginnings of radiology in Malaga. / Los inicios de la radiología en Málaga.

On March 2, 1896, the local press in Malaga reported the discovery of X-rays, relating various news items about the use of X-rays and literature about Roentgen's discovery by journalists and other authors. Outstanding among these writings was a periodical directed at the administration and general public called Los Rayos X. Progressively, the first X-ray machines were installed in hospitals during this period, and the first installation in a private medical clinic took place in 1900. In Malaga, the assimilation and progression of the diagnostic and therapeutic use of radiology was slow and affected by peculiarities owing to the social, economic, and cultural circumstances of the period. Influential physicians willing to overcome resistance to advances were able to bring medical practice in Malaga to a level similar to that of other cities.

Estudos sobre a imagem das enfermeiras: cinco décadas entre a imagética e suas repercussões / Estudios sobre la imagen de las enfermeras: cinco décadas entre la imagen y sus repercusiones / Studies on the image of nurses: five decades between imagery and its repercussions

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a imagem da enfermeira na imprensa escrita nas décadas de 1930 a 1950 e suas repercussões nas décadas de 1970 a 1980. Método Estudo histórico-documental com abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou como fontes de dados às reportagens publicadas no Jornal baiano A Tarde nas décadas de 1930 a 1980, marcadas por importantes acontecimentos históricos nos cenários nacional e internacional, discussões sobre transformação da imagem e reconstrução da identidade profissional da enfermeira. Resultados Foram identificadas três representações centrais da enfermeira na impressa jornalística: a imagética religiosa e militar da profissão e as repercussões das imagens das enfermeiras como produto/produtoras de outras imagéticas que se escreveram no tempo histórico e que serão produtos de continuidades, rupturas e descontinuidades. Conclusões e implicações para a prática As imagens da enfermeira e suas repercussões são cocriações determinadas no campo social político e econômico que atravessa os tempos e a história estando relacionada aos interesses governamentais e de mercado.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la imagen de la enfermera en la prensa escrita en los años 1930-1950 y sus repercusiones en los años 1970-1980. Método Estudio histórico-documental con enfoque cualitativo, que utilizó como fuentes de datos los informes publicados en el periódico bahiano A Tarde en las décadas de 1930 a 1980, marcadas por importantes acontecimientos históricos en el escenario nacional e internacional y discusiones sobre la transformación de la imagen y la reconstrucción de la identidad profesional de la enfermera. Resultados Se identificaron tres representaciones centrales de la enfermera en la prensa periodística: las imágenes religiosas y militares de la profesión y las repercusiones de las imágenes de las enfermeras como producto/productora de otras imágenes que se escribieron en el tiempo histórico y serán producto de continuidades, rupturas y discontinuidades. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica Las imágenes de las enfermeras y sus repercusiones son co-creaciones conjuntas determinadas en los campos sociales político y económico que cruzan los tiempos y la historia en relación con los intereses del gobierno y del mercado.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the image of the nurse in written press in the 1930's-1950's and its repercussions in the 1970's-1980's. Method Historical-documentary study with a qualitative approach, which used as data sources the reports published in a newspaper from Bahia called A Tarde in the 1930's to the 1980's, marked by important historical events in the national and international scenario and discussions about image transformation and reconstruction of the nurse's professional identity. Results Three central representations of the nurse were identified in the journalistic press: the religious and military imagery of the profession and the repercussions of the nurses' images as a product/producer of other imagery that was written in historical time and will be products of continuities, ruptures and discontinuities. Conclusions and implications for practice The images of nurses and their repercussions are co-creations determined in the political and economic social field that crosses the times and history being related to government and market interests.

Miracle cures: advertisements for various medications in the Santa Fe press, Argentina (1890 -1918). / Curas milagrosas: publicidades de medicamentos varios en la prensa santafesina, Argentina (1890-1918).

In the late nineteenth century, as in other regions of Argentina and Latin America, the Santa Fe press featured a growing number of offers of health products such as tonics, pills and syrups. Aimed at a lay audience, these claimed to cure a series of conditions defined as belonging to "modern life." This article analyzes the discursive dimension of the advertisements printed between 1890 and 1918: how they organized meanings associated with these conditions, an issue that is inscribed within a broad line of research aimed at analyzing social representations of health and disease, and how they participated in the different social spheres in the constitution of modern-day Argentina.

A fines del siglo XIX, en consonancia con otras regiones de Argentina y Latinoamérica, en la prensa santafesina se incrementó la oferta de productos para la salud como tónicos, pastillas y jarabes. Ofrecidos a un público no experto, prometían curar una serie de dolencias que definían como propias "de la vida moderna". El artículo analiza la dimensión discursiva de los avisos publicitarios aparecidos entre 1890 y 1918: cómo organizaron los sentidos sobre estas dolencias, interrogante que se inscribe en una amplia línea de estudios abocada a analizar las representaciones sociales sobre la salud y la enfermedad y cómo éstas participaron en las distintas esferas sociales en la constitución de la Argentina moderna.

[Homeopathy, alternative medicine: between counterculture, the New Era, and formalization (Brazil, 1970s)]. / Homeopatia, medicina alternativa: entre contracultura, Nova Era e oficialização (Brasil, década de 1970).

The objective of this text is to analyze how homeopathy was conveyed to the lay public in Brazil during the 1970s, an important period in the process of legitimizing this practice as a medical specialty, which occurred in 1980. The sources analyzed (composed of articles that circulated in the Jornal do Brasil and books intended for the lay public) allow the reader to distinguish different interlocutors with various expectations of homeopathy, revealing a heterogeneous universe of understandings and uses for this medical system. At the same time, the sources establish a universe of representations present in the construction of homeopathy as alternative medicine, which is noticeable in its relationship with the counterculture movements and New Era in forming a "consuming public" for homeopathy.

O artigo analisa como a homeopatia foi veiculada ao público leigo no Brasil da década de 1970, período importante no processo de legitimação desse conhecimento como especialidade médica, o que ocorre em 1980. As fontes analisadas ­ compostas de artigos que circulavam no Jornal do Brasil e de livros destinados ao público leigo ­ permitem distinguir diferentes interlocutores que possuíam expectativas diversas diante da homeopatia, revelando um universo heterogêneo de compreensões e utilizações dessa medicina. Ao mesmo tempo, as fontes estabelecem um universo de representações envolvidas na construção da homeopatia como medicina alternativa, em que é perceptível sua relação com os movimentos de contracultura e Nova Era na formação de um "público consumidor de homeopatia".

Homeopatia, medicina alternativa: entre contracultura, Nova Era e oficialização (Brasil, década de 1970) / Homeopathy, alternative medicine: between counterculture, the New Era, and formalization (Brazil, 1970s)

Resumo O artigo analisa como a homeopatia foi veiculada ao público leigo no Brasil da década de 1970, período importante no processo de legitimação desse conhecimento como especialidade médica, o que ocorre em 1980. As fontes analisadas - compostas de artigos que circulavam no Jornal do Brasil e de livros destinados ao público leigo - permitem distinguir diferentes interlocutores que possuíam expectativas diversas diante da homeopatia, revelando um universo heterogêneo de compreensões e utilizações dessa medicina. Ao mesmo tempo, as fontes estabelecem um universo de representações envolvidas na construção da homeopatia como medicina alternativa, em que é perceptível sua relação com os movimentos de contracultura e Nova Era na formação de um "público consumidor de homeopatia".

Abstract The objective of this text is to analyze how homeopathy was conveyed to the lay public in Brazil during the 1970s, an important period in the process of legitimizing this practice as a medical specialty, which occurred in 1980. The sources analyzed (composed of articles that circulated in the Jornal do Brasil and books intended for the lay public) allow the reader to distinguish different interlocutors with various expectations of homeopathy, revealing a heterogeneous universe of understandings and uses for this medical system. At the same time, the sources establish a universe of representations present in the construction of homeopathy as alternative medicine, which is noticeable in its relationship with the counterculture movements and New Era in forming a "consuming public" for homeopathy.

Curas milagrosas: publicidades de medicamentos varios en la prensa santafesina, Argentina (1890-1918) / Miracle cures: advertisements for various medications in the Santa Fe press, Argentina (1890 -1918)

Resumen A fines del siglo XIX, en consonancia con otras regiones de Argentina y Latinoamérica, en la prensa santafesina se incrementó la oferta de productos para la salud como tónicos, pastillas y jarabes. Ofrecidos a un público no experto, prometían curar una serie de dolencias que definían como propias "de la vida moderna". El artículo analiza la dimensión discursiva de los avisos publicitarios aparecidos entre 1890 y 1918: cómo organizaron los sentidos sobre estas dolencias, interrogante que se inscribe en una amplia línea de estudios abocada a analizar las representaciones sociales sobre la salud y la enfermedad y cómo éstas participaron en las distintas esferas sociales en la constitución de la Argentina moderna.

Abstract In the late nineteenth century, as in other regions of Argentina and Latin America, the Santa Fe press featured a growing number of offers of health products such as tonics, pills and syrups. Aimed at a lay audience, these claimed to cure a series of conditions defined as belonging to "modern life." This article analyzes the discursive dimension of the advertisements printed between 1890 and 1918: how they organized meanings associated with these conditions, an issue that is inscribed within a broad line of research aimed at analyzing social representations of health and disease, and how they participated in the different social spheres in the constitution of modern-day Argentina.

The New York Herald's Very First Report on Dr. Horace Well's Arrest and Suicide-An Original Article Found in New York City Public Library.

The accounts of Dr. Wells' personal life, particularly those of his tempestuous final days, have remained somewhat speculative. On January 24, 1848, a troubled Dr. Wells raced outside of his home and practice on Chambers Street and threw sulfuric acid (vitriol) on two alleged "loose" Broadway girls. We were able to find an original copy of an article published by the New York Herald in the New York City Public Library describing the events of Well's final days.

Indización y estudio de la Gaceta Médico-Quirúrgica Jerezana (1871-1872) / Index and study of t he Jerezana Medical-Surgical Gazette (1871-1872) / Índice e estudo da Gazette Médico-Cirúrgica Jerezana(1871-1872)

En este artículo se estudian 12 números de la Gaceta Médico-Quirúrgica Jerezana, correspondientes a los años 1871 y 1872, publicada en Jerez de la Frontera por su fundador y director "Francisco Revueltas Carrillo Montel" (1839-1887). En esta revista se ofrecen historias clínicas de los Departamentos de Cirugía y Medicina del Hospital de Santa Isabel de Jerez, así como de la experiencia clínica privada de algunos autores, entre los que destaca el cirujano de El Puerto de Santa María Federico Rubio y Galí (1827-1902). Se aprecia en la revista la labor docente de carácter práctico realizada en esos años en el referido hospital, con algunos alumnos de la Facultad de Medicina de Cádiz, que publicaron sus experiencias clínicas en la Gaceta; aunque también sabemos que se formaron practicante y matronas en este hospital. La revista ofrece información estadística sobre el hospital, el hospicio, la casa de expósitos y el estado sanitario de la ciudad. Realizamos en nuestro trabajo un índice cronológico de los 12 números de la revista en el que se incluyen a los autores, los artículos y noticias publicadas

In this article are studied 12 issues of the Jerezana Medical-Surgical Gazette, corresponding to the years 1871 and 1872, published in Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz) byits founder and director "Francisco Revueltas Carrillo Montel" (1839-1887). In this journal are offered clinical histories of the Departments of Surgery and Medicine of the Hospital of Santa Isabel de Jerez, as well as others of the private clinical experiences by some authors, as the surgeon, from El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz), Federico Rubio y Galí (1827-1902). It is also appreciated in the journal the practical teaching work carried out in those years, in the above mentioned hospital, to some students from the Cádiz Faculty of Medicine who also published their clinical experiences in the Gazette; and we have also known that "practicante" an midwives were trained in this hospital. The magazine offers statistical information about the hospital, the hospice, the home of foundlings and the sanitary status of the city. In our work we carry out a chronological index of the 12 issues of the journal, which includes the authors, articles and news published

Neste trabalho estudamos 12 edições da do Médico-Cirúrgica Diário Jerezana, para os anos 1871 e 1872, publicadas em Jerez de la Frontera por seu fundador e diretor "Francisco Revueltas Carrillo Montel" (1839-1887). Nesta revista prontuários dos Departamentos de Cirurgia e Medicina Hospital de Santa Isabel de Jerez, bem como a experiência clínica privada de alguns autores, entre os quais o cirurgião El Puerto de Santa María Federico Rubio e Gali oferta (1827-1902). Destacando trabalho prático, realizado naqueles anos no hospital referido alguns alunos da Faculdade de Medicina de Cadiz também publicou as suas experiências clínicas no Diário visto na revista; embora também saibamos que os "practicante" e parteiras foram treinados neste hospital. A revista oferece informações estatísticas sobre o hospital, o hospício, a casas de crianças enjeitadas e o status sanitário da cidade. Em nosso trabalho, realizamos um índice cronológico das 12 edições da revista, que inclui os autores, artigos e notícias publicadas

[Evidence of the political use of medical science in a Brazilian newspaper article on the Chilean president José Manuel Balmaceda in 1891]. / Evidencias del uso político de la ciencia médica en un artículo de la prensa brasileña alusivo al presidente de Chile José Manuel Balmaceda en 1891.

In the midst of the Civil War in Chile in 1891, the Brazilian newspaper Diário de Campinas published an article entitled "Balmaceda," by Joaquim Nogueira de Sá Itagiba, which analyzes the delirium of Chilean politician José Manuel Balmaceda, president of the Republic from 1886 to 1891 in order to explain his behavior, which it defines as characteristic of a dictator and a tyrant. The article makes liberal use of various psychiatric theories that sought to identify the criminal subject in response to ideals of social normalization. The article was part of the book La prensa extranjera y la dictadura chilena, by Alberto Fagalde, published in 1891, in Chile.

En medio de la Guerra Civil ocurrida en Chile el año 1891, apareció publicado en el periódico brasileño Diário de Campinas el artículo titulado "Balmaceda", de autoría de Joaquim Nogueira de Sá Itagiba, donde analiza el delirio del político chileno José Manuel Balmaceda, presidente de la República entre 1886 y 1891, explicando su comportamiento, definido como el característico del dictador y el tirano. El artículo es pródigo en la utilización de diversas teorías alienistas que intentan identificar al sujeto criminal, respondiendo a los ideales de normalización social. El artículo forma parte del libro La prensa extranjera y la dictadura chilena, de Alberto Fagalde, publicado en 1891, en Chile.

The image of Santiago Ramón y Cajal through the daily press. The awarding of the Nobel Priz

The purpose of this essay is to approach the figure of Cajal from a different perspective. It seeks to study the image of the Spanish scientist through the non-professional daily press and, in particular, the impact made by his Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1906. The importance of the press as a historical source today is unquestionable. In this case, it can largely be useful for providing public opinion about Cajal and allowing us to get close to the historical context and the ideological material of press, news, and articles. Major publications of the time from the main cities of Spain have been selected, such as El Imparcial, El Liberal, the Heraldo de Madrid, El País, La Vanguardia y Las Provincias, as well as the magazines Nuevo Mundo, Madrid científico, Mundo científico, La Ilustración española y americana, La Educación, and La Escuela moderna through 1906, the year before (1905) and the year after (1907)

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Giving Tshuve to the sick: correspondence columns of the Yiddish medical press in Poland.

ArgumentSeveral Yiddish medical publications of various profiles appeared in independent Poland until 1939. These print media were associated with OZE and TOZ organizational structures and aimed to promote modern concepts of health and healthcare among the Jewish population in its native tongue. Some of these magazines offered space for direct consultations, which took the form of a correspondence corner. Questions sent in by readers ranged from apparently neutral topics, such as a healthy diet or hygiene, to controversial matters tormenting individuals in provincial milieus. The correspondence gives us an insight into popular ways of thinking about health and disease and indicates issues of high importance for a society in the process of modernization. The present paper discusses the questions and answers as they appeared in the Yiddish medical press (particularly in the Folksgezunt and Der Doktor), and presents the most crucial aspects of Jewish life they shed light on, including the historical and cultural background.

Evidencias del uso político de la ciencia médica en un artículo de la prensa brasileña alusivo al presidente de Chile José Manuel Balmaceda en 1891 / Evidence of the political use of medical science in a Brazilian newspaper article on the Chilean president José Manuel Balmaceda in 1891

Resumen En medio de la Guerra Civil ocurrida en Chile el año 1891, apareció publicado en el periódico brasileño Diário de Campinas el artículo titulado "Balmaceda", de autoría de Joaquim Nogueira de Sá Itagiba, donde analiza el delirio del político chileno José Manuel Balmaceda, presidente de la República entre 1886 y 1891, explicando su comportamiento, definido como el característico del dictador y el tirano. El artículo es pródigo en la utilización de diversas teorías alienistas que intentan identificar al sujeto criminal, respondiendo a los ideales de normalización social. El artículo forma parte del libro La prensa extranjera y la dictadura chilena, de Alberto Fagalde, publicado en 1891, en Chile.

Abstract In the midst of the Civil War in Chile in 1891, the Brazilian newspaper Diário de Campinas published an article entitled "Balmaceda," by Joaquim Nogueira de Sá Itagiba, which analyzes the delirium of Chilean politician José Manuel Balmaceda, president of the Republic from 1886 to 1891 in order to explain his behavior, which it defines as characteristic of a dictator and a tyrant. The article makes liberal use of various psychiatric theories that sought to identify the criminal subject in response to ideals of social normalization. The article was part of the book La prensa extranjera y la dictadura chilena, by Alberto Fagalde, published in 1891, in Chile.

Public Representations of Loss in Death Announcements, 1912 to 2002.

This work presents a historical analysis of death announcements ( N = 1,443) posted in the New York Times between 1912 and 2002. Announcements were coded according to two main categories: the genre of the announcement and the presence of emotion words. Four distinct main genres emerged: death notices, memorials, recognition postings by organizations, and recognition postings by nonorganizational parties (friends and family). The proportion of death notices declined steadily from 1912 to 2002, while the proportion of announcements paying tribute to the deceased increased. The announcements were also analyzed in terms of emotion words used, and it is argued that the increasing frequency of emotion words used in the death announcements reflects a progressive emotionalization and psychologization of grief and loss.